The intrauterine device and intrauterine system are both long acting reversible contraceptives that are fitted inside the uterus:
- Intrauterine device (IUD) – refers to the copper coil. It releases copper, which makes the uterus an unfavourable environment for sperm. The IUD is also thought to create an endometrial inflammatory reaction, inhibiting implantation if fertilisation has already occurred.
- Intrauterine system (IUS) – refers to levonorgestrel-releasing coils, such as the Mirena® coil. It thins the endometrium (preventing implantation), and thickens cervical mucus (inhibiting sperm movement through the cervix).
These contraceptives are over 99% effective, but do not offer any protection against sexually transmitted infections.
In this article, we shall look at the procedure, indications and contraindications to fitting an intrauterine device or intrauterine system.
Procedure
The IUD and IUS can be fitted at any point during the menstrual cycle:
- Intrauterine device – provides contraception immediately after insertion.
- Intrauterine system – only effective immediately if fitted within the first 7 days of the menstrual cycle.
- If fitted at any other time, another form of contraception is advised for 1 week.
The procedure takes around 20 minutes to complete. A bimanual examination is performed (to assess for normal uterine anatomy), and a speculum inserted to visualise the cervix. A cervical dilator/sizer is passed through the cervix.
A small plastic T-shaped device is then pushed through the cervix into the uterus, where it remains. The strings attached to the IUD/IUS are cut so that they remain in the vagina. This allows the woman to check periodically to ensure the device has not been expelled.
Note: A sexually transmitted infection screen is usually performed two weeks before the device is fitted (recent exposure to an STI is an absolute contraindication).
Indications
The intrauterine device and intrauterine system are mainly indicated for use as a contraceptive. They are particularly suitable for women who often miss pills, or those who want long-lasting birth control.
Additional Indications
Intrauterine Device (Copper coil) | Intrauterine System (Mirena®) |
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Contraindications
The absolute contraindications for the fitting of an IUS or IUD include:
- Infection:
- History of pelvic inflammatory disease
- Recent exposure to a sexually transmitted infection
- Recent infection of the uterus (e.g. septic abortion, post-partum endometritis).
- Current pregnancy or up to 4-weeks post-partum
- Uterine structural abnormalities (e.g. bicornuate uterus)
- Current gynaecological malignancy
- Current unexplained vaginal bleeding
- Allergy to copper (IUD only)
In addition, the intrauterine system has the following contraindications (these are similar to the contraindications for other progesterone contraceptives):
- Current DVT or PE
- Current liver disease
- History of breast cancer
Advantages and Disadvantages
It is important to fully counsel the woman about the advantages and disadvantages of the intrauterine device or intrauterine system:
Advantages | Disadvantages |
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